<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><source-app name="Biblio" version="6.x">Drupal-Biblio</source-app><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Mellish, Jo-Ann E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Tuomi, Pamela A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Hindle, Allyson J</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Horning, Markus</style></author></authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Chemical immobilization of Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) by ketamine/midazolam combination</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia</style></secondary-title><alt-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vet Anaesth Analg</style></alt-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2010 Mar</style></date></pub-dates></dates><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">37</style></volume><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">123-31</style></pages><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">OBJECTIVE: To provide reliable, effective immobilization for Weddell seals under extreme field conditions using an injectable ketamine/midazolam combination. STUDY DESIGN: Observational study. ANIMALS: Thirty adult Weddell seals (12 male, 18 female) in Erebus Bay, Antarctica, body mass (mean +/- SD) 412 +/- 47 kg, aged 9-27 years. METHODS: Seals were immobilized with a target dose of 2 mg kg(-1) ketamine hydrochloride and 0.1 mg kg(-1) midazolam hydrochloride (IM), based on visually estimated body mass. When required, maintenance doses were administered at a target of 0.5 mg kg(-1) ketamine hydrochloride and 0.025 mg kg(-1) midazolam hydrochloride (IV). RESULTS: Complete immobilization was achieved in 33 of 40 injections (14 of which were repeat events on the same individual). Time to immobilization averaged 12 +/- 4 minutes, with a duration of initial immobility of 38 +/- 19 minutes. Total immobilization time varied by handling protocol, including condition assessment and muscle biopsy (Protocol 1, 60 +/- 13 minutes), condition assessment and instrument attachment (Protocol 2, 154 +/- 13 minutes), and condition assessment, muscle biopsy and instrument retrieval (Protocol 3, 48 +/- 8 minutes). Overall, a total immobilization time of 114 +/- 60 minutes was accomplished with 4 +/- 4 maintenance doses, and an average recovery time of 36 +/- 17 minutes. Most effects of the anesthetic combination were unrelated to mass, age, sex or total body fat. However, leaner seals had longer duration of initial immobility (% and kg total body fat) and recovery times (kg fat). Apnea events were uncommon and treated effectively with doxapram. No animals died. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Reliable and effective field immobilization of Weddell seals was accomplished with a low dose of ketamine hydrochloride and midazolam hydrochloride, utilizing IM injection initially and IV maintenance methods.</style></abstract><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2</style></issue><custom1><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20230562?dopt=Abstract</style></custom1></record></records></xml>